Audubon American

Audubon American

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Etymology

The word squirrel, first attested in 1327, comes via Anglo-Norman esquirel from the Old French escurel, the reflex of a Latin word sciurus which was itself borrowed from Greek. The word itself comes from the Greek word , skiouros, which means shadow-tailed, referring to the bushy appendage possessed by many of its members.

The native Old English word, 'cweorna', survived only into Middle English (as aquerna) before being replaced. The Old English word is of Common Germanic origin, with cognates such as German Eichhorn/Eichhrnchen and Norwegian ekorn.

Characteristics

Skull of an Oriental giant squirrel (genus Ratufa). Note the classic sciuromorphous shape of the anterior zygomatic region.

Squirrels are generally small animals, ranging in size from the African pygmy squirrel, at 710 cm (2.83.9 in) in length, and just 10 g (0.35 oz) in weight, to the Alpine marmot, which is 5373 cm (2129 in) long, and weighs from 5 to 8 kg (11 to 18 lb). Squirrels typically have slender bodies with bushy tails and large eyes. Their fur is generally soft and silky, although much thicker in some species than others. The color of squirrels is highly variable between and often even within species.

The hindlimbs are generally longer than the forelimbs, and they have four or five toes on each foot. Their paws on their forefeet include a thumb, although this is often poorly developed. The feet also have a soft pad on the underside.

Squirrels live in almost every habitat from tropical rainforest to semiarid desert, avoiding only the high polar regions and the driest of deserts. They are predominantly herbivorous, subsisting on seeds and nuts, but many will eat insects, and even small vertebrates. Indeed, some tropical species have shifted almost entirely to a diet of insects. The teeth of sciurids follow the typical rodent pattern, with large gnawing incisors that grow throughout life, and grinding cheek teeth set back behind a wide gap, or diastema. The typical dental formula for sciurids is:

Dentition

1.0.1.3

1.0.1.3

As their large eyes indicate, squirrels generally have an excellent sense of vision, which is especially important for tree-dwelling species. They also have very versatile and sturdy claws for grasping and climbing. Many also have a good sense of touch, with vibrissae on their heads and limbs.

Squirrels breed once or twice a year, and give birth to a varying number of young after three to six weeks, depending on species. The young are born naked, toothless, blind, and helpless. In almost all species, only the female looks after the young, which are weaned at around six to ten weeks of age, and become sexually mature at the end of their first year. Ground dwelling species are generally social animals, often living in well-developed colonies, but the tree-dwelling species are more solitary-

Ground and tree squirrels are typically diurnal, while flying squirrels tend to be nocturnalxcept for lactating flying squirrels and their offspring, which have a period of diurnality during the summer.

Diet

Unlike rabbits or deer, squirrels cannot digest cellulose and must rely on foods rich in protein, carbohydrates, and fat. In temperate regions early spring is the hardest time of year for squirrels, since buried nuts begin to sprout and are no longer available for the squirrel to eat, and new food sources have not become available yet. During these times squirrels rely heavily on the buds of trees. Squirrels' diet consists primarily of a wide variety of plant food, including nuts, seeds, conifer cones, fruits, fungi and green vegetation. However some squirrels also consume meat, especially when faced with hunger. Squirrels have been known to eat insects, eggs, small birds, young snakes and smaller rodents.

Predatory behavior by various species of ground squirrels, particularly the thirteen-lined ground squirrel, has been noted. Bailey, for example, observed a thirteen-lined ground squirrel preying upon a young chicken. Wistrand reported seeing this same species eating a freshly killed snake. Whitaker examined the stomachs of 139 thirteen-lined ground squirrels, and found bird flesh in four of the specimens and the remains of a short-tailed shrew in one; Bradley, examining white-tailed antelope squirrels' stomachs, found at least 10% of his 609 specimens' stomachs contained some type of vertebrateostly lizards and rodents. Morgart (1985) observed a white-tailed antelope squirrel capturing and eating a silky pocket mouse.

Evolution and systematics

Grizzled Giant Squirrel (Ratufa macroura) of the Ratufinae

Southern Flying Squirrel (Glaucomys volans) of the Pteromyini

Prevost's Squirrel (Callosciurus prevosti) of the Callosciurini

Unstriped Ground Squirrel (Xerus rutilus) of the Xerini

Alpine Marmot (Marmota marmota) of the Marmotini

The living squirrels are divided into 5 subfamilies, with about 50 genera and nearly 280 species. The oldest squirrel fossil, Hesperopetes, dates back to the Chadronian (Late Eocene, about 40 35 million years ago), and is similar to modern flying squirrels.

During the latest Eocene to the Miocene, there were a variety of squirrels which cannot be assigned with certainty to any living lineage. At least some of these probably were variants of the oldest, basal "proto-squirrels" (in the sense that they lacked the full range of living squirrels' autapomorphies). The distribution and diversity of such ancient and ancestral forms suggests that the squirrels as a group might have originated in North America.

Apart from these sometimes little-known fossil forms, the phylogeny of the living squirrels is fairly straightforward. There are three main lineages, one comprising the Ratufinae (Oriental giant squirrels). These contain a mere handful of living species in tropical Asia. The Neotropical Pygmy Squirrel of tropical South America is the sole living member of the Sciurillinae. The third lineage is by far the largest and contains all other subfamilies; it has a near-cosmopolitan distribution. This further supports the hypothesis that the common ancestor of all squirrels living and fossil lived in North America, as these three most ancient lineages seem to have radiated from there if squirrels had originated in Eurasia for example, one would expect quite ancient lineages in Africa, but African squirrels seem to be of more recent origin.

The main group of squirrels also can be split up in three, which yields the remaining subfamilies. The Sciurinae contains the flying squirrels (Pteromyini) and the Sciurini, which among others contains the American tree squirrels; the former have often been considered a separate subfamily but are now seen as a tribe of the Sciurinae. The pine squirrels (Tamiasciurus) on the other hand are usually included with the main tree squirrel lineage, but appear to be about as distinct as the flying squirrels; hence they are sometimes considered a distinct tribe, Tamiasciurini.

Be that as it may, the three-way split of the main squirrel lineage is rather neat from a biogeographical and ecological perspective. Two of the three subfamilies are of about equal size, containing between nearly 70 to some 80 species each; the third is about twice as large. The Sciurinae contains arboreal (tree-living) squirrels, mainly of the Americas and to a lesser extent Eurasia. The Callosciurinae on the other hand is most diverse in tropical Asia and contains squirrels which are also arboreal, but have a markedly different habitus and appear more "elegant", an effect enhanced by their often very colorful fur. The Xerinae the largest subfamily are made up from the mainly terrestrial (ground-living) forms and include the large marmots and the popular prairie dogs among others, as well as the tree squirrels of Africa; they tend to be more gregarious than other squirrels which do not usually live together in close-knit groups.

Basal and incertae sedis Sciuridae (all fossil)

Getuloxerus

Hesperopetes

Kherem

Oligosciurus

Plesiosciurus

Prospermophilus

Sciurion

Similisciurus

Sinotamias

Vulcanisciurus

Subfamily Cedromurinae (fossil)

Subfamily Ratufinae Oriental giant squirels (1 genus, 4 species)

Subfamily Sciurillinae Neotropical Pygmy Squirrel (monotypic)

Subfamily Sciurinae

Tribe Sciurini tree squirrels (5 genera, c.38 species)

Tribe Pteromyini true flying squirrels (15 genera, c.45 species)

Subfamily Callosciurinae Asian ornate squirrels

Tribe Callosciurini (13 genera, nearly 60 species)

Tribe Funambulini palm squirrels (1 genus, 5 species)

Subfamily Xerinae terrestrial squirrels

Tribe Xerini spiny squirrels (3 genera, 6 species)

Tribe Protoxerini (6 genera, c.50 species)

Tribe Marmotini ground squirrels, marmots, chipmunks, prairie dogs, etc (6 genera, c.90 species)

References

^ a b "Squirrel". Online Etymology Dictionary. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=squirrel. Retrieved 2008-02-07. 

^ Whitaker & Elman (1980): 370

^ a b c Milton (1984)

^ "Squirrel" - HowStuffWorks

^ Trml, Timo; Vuorinen, Hannu; Hokkanen, Heikki (1980). "Timing of circadian activity in the flying squirrel in central Finland". Acta Theriologica 25 (3242): 461474. http://acta.zbs.bialowieza.pl/contents/?art=1980-025-32-42-0461. Retrieved 2007-07-11. 

^ "Tree Squirrels". The Humane Society of the United States. http://www.hsus.org/wildlife/a_closer_look_at_wildlife/tree_squirrels.html. Retrieved 2009-01-09. 

^ Friggens, M. (2002). "Carnivory on Desert Cottontails by Texas Antelope Ground Squirrels". The Southwestern Naturalist 47 (1): 132133. doi:10.2307/3672818. 

^ Bailey, B. (1923). "Meat-eating propensities of some rodents of Minnesota". Journal of Mammalogy 4: 129. 

^ Wistrand, E.H. (1972). "Predation on a Snake by Spermophilus tridecemlineatus". American Midland Naturalist 88 (2): 511512. doi:10.2307/2424389. 

^ Whitaker, J.O. (1972). "Food and external parasites of Spermophilus tridecemlineatus in Vigo County, Indiana". Journal of Mammalogy 53 (3): 644648. doi:10.2307/1379067. 

^ Bradley, W. G. (1968). "Food habits of the antelope ground squirrel in southern Nevada". Journal Of Mammalogy 49 (1): 1421. doi:10.2307/1377723. 

^ Morgart, J.R. (May 1985). "Carnivorous behavior by a white-tailed antelope ground squirrel Ammospermophilus leucurus". The Southwestern Naturalist 30 (2): 304305. doi:10.2307/3670745. 

^ Emry, R.J. and Korth, W.W. 2007. A new genus of squirrel (Rodentia, Sciuridae) from the mid-Cenozoic of North America. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27(3):693698.

^ a b c Steppan & Hamm (2006)

^ Steppan et al. (2004), Steppan & Hamm (2006)

Literature cited

Milton, Katherine (1984): [Family Sciuridae]. In: Macdonald, D. (ed.): The Encyclopedia of Mammals: 612623. Facts on File, New York. ISBN 0-87196-871-1

Steppan, Scott J. & Hamm, Shawn M. (2006): Tree of Life Web Project Sciuridae (Squirrels). Version of 2006-MAY-13. Retrieved 2007-DEC-10.

Steppan, Scott J.; Storz, B.L. & Hoffmann, R.S. (2004): "Nuclear DNA phylogeny of the squirrels (Mammalia: Rodentia) and the evolution of arboreality from c-myc and RAG1" (pdf). Mol. Phyl. Evol. 30(3): 703719. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00204-5

Thorington, R.W. & Hoffmann, R.S. (2005): Family Sciuridae. In: Mammal Species of the World A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference: 754818. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.

Whitaker, John O. Jr. & Elman, Robert (1980): The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Mammals (2nd ed.). Alfred Knopf, New York. ISBN 0-394-50762-2

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Sciuridae

Wikispecies has information related to: Sciuridae

Tree of Life: Sciuridae

Squirrel Tracks: How to identify squirrel tracks in the wild

National Geographic link on Squirrels

Andrew's Squirrel Encyclopaedia

List of names of squirrel taxa

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Rodent families

Sciuromorpha

llomyidae  Aplodontiidae  ylagaulidae  eithroparamyidae  Sciuridae  Gliridae

Castorimorpha

utypomyidae  Castoridae  hizospalacidae  omyidae  lorentiamyidae  eliscomyidae  Heteromyidae  Geomyidae

Myomorpha

rmintomyidae  Dipodidae  nomalomyidae  imimyidae  Platacanthomyidae  Spalacidae  Calomyscidae  Nesomyidae  Cricetidae  Muridae

Anomaluromorpha

Anomaluridae  arapedetidae  Pedetidae

Hystricomorpha

amquammyidae  obiomyidae  Ctenodactylidae  Diatomyidae  uomyidae  hapattimyidae  saganomyidae  "Baluchimyinae"  athyergoididae  Bathyergidae  Hystricidae  yophiomyidae  iamantomyidae  hiomyidae  enyamyidae  Petromuridae  Thryonomyidae  Erethizontidae  Chinchillidae  Dinomyidae  ephalomyidae  Caviidae  Dasyproctidae  ocardiidae  Cuniculidae  Ctenomyidae  Octodontidae  eoepiblemidae  Abrocomidae  Echimyidae  Myocastoridae  Capromyidae  eptaxodontidae

Prehistoric rodents

(incertae sedis)

urymylidae  lagomyidae  rchetypomyidae  ocomyidae  vanantoniidae  aredomyidae  schyromyidae  heridomyidae  rotoptychidae  egdoumyidae  ciuravidae  ylindrodontidae  elomyidae

indicates extinct taxa

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Extant species of family Sciuridae (subfamilies Ratufinae and Sciurillinae)

Kingdom: Animalia  Phylum: Chordata  Class: Mammalia  Order: Rodentia  Suborder: Sciuromorpha

Ratufinae

(Oriental giant squirrels)

Ratufa

Cream-coloured Giant Squirrel (Ratufa affinis)  Black Giant Squirrel (Ratufa bicolor)  Indian giant squirrel (Ratufa indica)  Grizzled Giant Squirrel (Ratufa macroura)

Sciurillinae

Sciurillus

Neotropical Pygmy Squirrel (Sciurillus pusillus)

Category

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Extant species of family Sciuridae (subfamily Callosciurinae)

Kingdom: Animalia  Phylum: Chordata  Class: Mammalia  Order: Rodentia  Suborder: Sciuromorpha

Callosciurus

Ear-spot Squirrel (Callosciurus adamsi)  Kloss Squirrel (Callosciurus albescens)  Kinabalu Squirrel (Callosciurus baluensis)  Gray-bellied Squirrel (Callosciurus caniceps)  Pallas's Squirrel (Callosciurus erythraeus)  Finlayson's Squirrel (Callosciurus finlaysonii)  Inornate Squirrel (Callosciurus inornatus)  Mentawai Squirrel (Callosciurus melanogaster)  Black-striped Squirrel (Callosciurus nigrovittatus)  Plantain Squirrel (Callosciurus notatus)  Borneo Black-banded Squirrel (Callosciurus orestes)  Phayre's Squirrel (Callosciurus phayrei)  Prevost's Squirrel (Callosciurus prevostii)  Irrawaddy Squirrel (Callosciurus pygerythrus)  Anderson's Squirrel (Callosciurus quinquestriatus)

Dremomys

(Red-cheeked squirrels)

Bornean Mountain Ground Squirrel (Dremomys everetti)  Red-throated Squirrel (Dremomys gularis)  Orange-bellied Himalayan Squirrel (Dremomys lokriah)  Perny's Long-nosed Squirrel (Dremomys pernyi)  Red-hipped Squirrel (Dremomys pyrrhomerus)  Asian Red-cheeked Squirrel (Dremomys rufigenis)

Exilisciurus

Philippine Pygmy Squirrel (Exilisciurus concinnus)  Least Pygmy Squirrel (Exilisciurus exilis)  Tufted Pygmy Squirrel (Exilisciurus whiteheadi)

Glyphotes

Sculptor Squirrel (Glyphotes simus)

Hyosciurus

Montane Long-nosed Squirrel (Hyosciurus heinrichi)  Lowland Long-nosed Squirrel (Hyosciurus ileile)

Lariscus

(Striped ground squirrels)

Four-striped Ground Squirrel (Lariscus hosei)  Three-striped Ground Squirrel (Lariscus insignis)  Niobe Ground Squirrel (Lariscus niobe)  Mentawai Three-striped Squirrel (Lariscus obscurus)

Menetes

Berdmore's Ground Squirrel (Menetes berdmorei)

Nannosciurus

Black-eared Squirrel (Nannosciurus melanotis)

Prosciurillus

Secretive Dwarf Squirrel (Prosciurillus abstrusus)  Whitish Dwarf Squirrel (Prosciurillus leucomus)  Celebes Dwarf Squirrel (Prosciurillus murinus)  Sanghir Squirrel (Prosciurillus rosenbergii)  Weber's Dwarf Squirrel (Prosciurillus weberi)

Rhinosciurus

Shrew-faced Squirrel (Rhinosciurus laticaudatus)

Rubrisciurus

Red-bellied squirrel (Rubrisciurus rubriventer)

Sundasciurus

Subgenus Aletesciurus: Davao Squirrel (Sundasciurus davensis)  Horse-tailed Squirrel (Sundasciurus hippurus)  Northern Palawan Tree Squirrel (Sundasciurus juvencus)  Mindanao Squirrel (Sundasciurus mindanensis)  Culion Tree Squirrel (Sundasciurus moellendorffi)  Philippine Tree Squirrel (Sundasciurus philippinensis)  Palawan Montane Squirrel (Sundasciurus rabori)  Samar Squirrel (Sundasciurus samarensis)  Southern Palawan Tree Squirrel (Sundasciurus steerii)

Subgenus Sundasciurus: Brooke's Squirrel (Sundasciurus brookei)  Fraternal Squirrel (Sundasciurus fraterculus)  Jentink's Squirrel (Sundasciurus jentinki)  Low's Squirrel (Sundasciurus lowii)  Slender Squirrel (Sundasciurus tenuis)

Tamiops

(Asiatic striped squirrels)

Himalayan Striped Squirrel (Tamiops mcclellandii)  Maritime Striped Squirrel (Tamiops maritimus)  Cambodian Striped Squirrel (Tamiops rodolphii)  Swinhoe's Striped Squirrel (Tamiops swinhoei)

Funambulus

Subgenus Funambulus: Layard's Palm Squirrel (Funambulus layardi)  Indian Palm Squirrel (Funambulus palmarum)  Dusky Palm Squirrel (Funambulus sublineatus)  Jungle Palm Squirrel (Funambulus tristriatus)

Subgenus Prasadsciurus: Northern Palm Squirrel (Funambulus pennantii)

Category

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Extant species of family Sciuridae (subfamily Sciurinae, Sciurini (Tree squirrels) tribe)

Kingdom: Animalia  Phylum: Chordata  Class: Mammalia  Order: Rodentia  Suborder: Sciuromorpha

Microsciurus

(Dwarf squirrels)

Central American Dwarf Squirrel (Microsciurus alfari)  Western Dwarf Squirrel (Microsciurus mimulus)  Amazon Dwarf Squirrel (Microsciurus flaviventer)  Santander Dwarf Squirrel (Microsciurus santanderensis)

Rheithrosciurus

Tufted Ground Squirrel (Rheithrosciurus macrotis)

Sciurus

Subgenus Tenes: Caucasian Squirrel (Sciurus anomalus)

Subgenus Sciurus: Red Squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris)  Japanese Squirrel (Sciurus lis)  Eastern Gray Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis)  Mexican Gray Squirrel (Sciurus aureogaster)  Collie's Squirrel (Sciurus colliaei)  Yucatan Squirrel (Sciurus yucatanensis)  Variegated Squirrel (Sciurus variegatoides)  Deppe's Squirrel (Sciurus deppei)  Fox Squirrel (Sciurus niger)  Peters's Squirrel (Sciurus oculatus)  Allen's Squirrel (Sciurus alleni)  Mexican Fox Squirrel (Sciurus nayaritensis)  Arizona Gray Squirrel (Sciurus arizonensis)

Subgenus Hesperosciurus: Western Gray Squirrel (Sciurus griseus)

Subgenus Otosciurus: Abert's Squirrel (Sciurus aberti)

Subgenus Guerlinguetus: Red-tailed Squirrel (Sciurus granatensis)  Richmond's Squirrel (Sciurus richmondi)  Brazilian Squirrel (Sciurus aestuans)  Yellow-throated Squirrel (Sciurus gilvigularis)  Bolivian Squirrel (Sciurus ignitus)  Atlantic Forest Squirrel (Sciurus ingrami)  Andean Squirrel (Sciurus pucheranii)  Guayaquil Squirrel (Sciurus stramineus)  Sanborn's Squirrel (Sciurus sanborni)  South Yungas Red Squirrel (Sciurus argentinius)

Subgenus Hadrosciurus: Fiery Squirrel (Sciurus flammifer)  Junn Red Squirrel (Sciurus pyrrhinus)

Subgenus Urosciurus: Northern Amazon Red Squirrel (Sciurus igniventris)  Southern Amazon Red Squirrel (Sciurus spadiceus)

Syntheosciurus

Bangs's Mountain Squirrel (Syntheosciurus brochus)

Tamiasciurus

(Pine squirrels)

Douglas Squirrel (Tamiasciurus douglasii)  American Red Squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus)

Category

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Extant species of family Sciuridae (subfamily Sciurinae, Pteromyini (Flying squirrels) tribe)

Kingdom: Animalia  Phylum: Chordata  Class: Mammalia  Order: Rodentia  Suborder: Sciuromorpha

Eoglaucomys

Kashmir Flying Squirrel (Eoglaucomys fimbriatus)

Glaucomys

(New World flying squirrels)

Southern flying squirrel (Glaucomys volans)  Northern flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus)

Hylopetes

Particolored Flying Squirrel (Hylopetes alboniger)  Afghan Flying Squirrel (Hylopetes baberi)  Bartel's Flying Squirrel (Hylopetes bartelsi)  Gray-cheeked Flying Squirrel (Hylopetes lepidus)  Palawan Flying Squirrel (Hylopetes nigripes)  Indochinese Flying Squirrel (Hylopetes phayrei)  Jentink Flying Squirrel (Hylopetes platyurus)  Sipora Flying Squirrel (Hylopetes sipora)  Red-cheeked Flying Squirrel (Hylopetes spadiceus)  Sumatran Flying Squirrel (Hylopetes winstoni)

Iomys

Javanese Flying Squirrel (Iomys horsfieldi)  Mentawi Flying Squirrel (Iomys sipora)

Petaurillus

(Pygmy flying squirrels)

Lesser Pygmy Flying Squirrel (Petaurillus emiliae)  Hose's Pygmy Flying Squirrel (Petaurillus hosei)  Selangor Pygmy Flying Squirrel (Petaurillus kinlochii)

Petinomys

Basilan Flying Squirrel (Petinomys crinitus)  Whiskered Flying Squirrel (Petinomys genibarbis)  Hagen's Flying Squirrel (Petinomys hageni)  Siberut Flying Squirrel (Petinomys lugens)  Arrow Flying Squirrel (Petinomys sagitta)  Temminck's Flying Squirrel (Petinomys setosus)  Vordermann's Flying Squirrel (Petinomys vordermanni)  Travancore Flying Squirrel (Petinomys fuscocapillus)

Aeretes

Groove-toothed Flying Squirrel (Aeretes melanopterus)

Aeromys

(Large black flying squirrels)

Black Flying Squirrel (Aeromys tephromelas)  Thomas's Flying Squirrel (Aeromys thomasi)

Belomys

Hairy-footed flying squirrel (Belomys pearsonii)

Biswamoyopterus

Namdapha flying squirrel (Biswamoyopterus biswasi)

Eupetaurus

Woolly Flying Squirrel (Eupetaurus cinereus)

Petaurista

Red And White Giant Flying Squirrel (Petaurista alborufus)  Spotted Giant Flying Squirrel (Petaurista elegans)  Hodgson's Giant Flying Squirrel (Petaurista magnificus)  Bhutan Giant Flying Squirrel (Petaurista nobilis)  Indian Giant Flying Squirrel (Petaurista philippensis)  Chinese Giant Flying Squirrel (Petaurista xanthotis)  Japanese giant flying squirrel (Petaurista leucogenys)  Red Giant Flying Squirrel (Petaurista petaurista)

Pteromys

(Old World flying squirrels)

Siberian Flying Squirrel (Pteromys volans)  Japanese dwarf flying squirrel (Pteromys momonga)

Pteromyscus

Smoky Flying Squirrel (Pteromyscus pulverulentus)

Trogopterus

Complex-toothed flying squirrel (Trogopterus xanthipes)

Category

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Extant species of family Sciuridae (subfamily Xerinae)

Kingdom: Animalia  Phylum: Chordata  Class: Mammalia  Order: Rodentia  Suborder: Sciuromorpha

Xerini

(Spiny squirrels)

Atlantoxerus

Barbary Ground Squirrel (Atlantoxerus getulus)

Xerus

(African ground squirrels)

Subgenus Euxerus: Striped Ground Squirrel (Xerus erythropus)

Subgenus Geosciurus: Cape Ground Squirrel (Xerus inauris)  Mountain Ground Squirrel (Xerus princeps)

Subgenus Xerus: Unstriped Ground Squirrel (Xerus rutilus)

Spermophilopsis

Long-clawed Ground Squirrel (Spermophilopsis leptodactylus)

Protoxerini

Epixerus

Ebian's Palm Squirrel (Epixerus ebii)  Baifran Palm Squirrel (Epixerus wilsoni)

Funisciurus

(African striped squirrels)

Thomas's Rope Squirrel (Funisciurus anerythrus)  Lunda Rope Squirrel (Funisciurus bayonii)  Carruther's Mountain Squirrel (Funisciurus carruthersi)  Funisciurus congicus  Lady Burton's Rope Squirrel (Funisciurus isabella)  Ribboned Rope Squirrel (Funisciurus lemniscatus)  Red-cheeked Rope Squirrel (Funisciurus leucogenys)  Funisciurus pyrrhopus  Kintampo Rope Squirrel (Funisciurus substriatus)

Heliosciurus

(Sun squirrels)

Gambian Sun Squirrel (Heliosciurus gambianus)  Mutable Sun Squirrel (Heliosciurus mutabilis)  Red-legged Sun Squirrel (Heliosciurus rufobrachium)  Ruwenzori Sun Squirrel (Heliosciurus ruwenzorii)  Zanj Sun Squirrel (Heliosciurus undulatus)

Myosciurus

African Pygmy Squirrel (Myosciurus pumilio)

Paraxerus

(African bush squirrels)

Smith's Bush Squirrel (Paraxerus cepapi)  African Red Bush Squirrel (Paraxerus luciferus)  Alexander's Bush Squirrel (Paraxerus alexandri)  Boehm's Bush Squirrel (Paraxerus boehmi)  Cooper's Green Squirrel (Paraxerus cooperi)  Fernando Po Squirrel (Paraxerus poensis)  Huet's Bush Squirrel (Paraxerus ochraceus)  Red Bush Squirrel (Paraxerus palliatus)  Striped Bush Squirrel (Paraxerus flavovittis)  Swynnerton's Bush Squirrel (Paraxerus vexillarius)  Vincent's Bush Squirrel (Paraxerus vincenti)

Protoxerus

(African giant squirrels)

Slender-tailed Squirrel (Protoxerus aubinnii)  Forest Giant Squirrel (Protoxerus stangeri)

Marmotini

(Ground squirrels)

Large tribe listed separately

Category

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Extant species of family Sciuridae (subfamily Xerinae, Marmotini (Ground squirrels) tribe)

Kingdom: Animalia  Phylum: Chordata  Class: Mammalia  Order: Rodentia  Suborder: Sciuromorpha

Sciurotamias

Pre David's Rock Squirrel (Sciurotamias davidianus)  Forrest's Rock Squirrel (Sciurotamias forresti)

Marmota

(Marmots)

Subgenus Marmota: Gray Marmot (Marmota baibacina)  Bobak Marmot (Marmota bobak)  Alaska Marmot (Marmota broweri)  Black-capped Marmot (Marmota camtschatica)  Long-tailed Marmot (Marmota caudata)  Himalayan Marmot (Marmota himalayana)  Alpine Marmot (Marmota marmota)  Menzbier's Marmot (Marmota menzbieri)  Groundhog (Marmota monax)  Tarbagan Marmot (Marmota sibirica)

Subgenus Petromarmota: Hoary Marmot (Marmota caligata)  Yellow-bellied Marmot (Marmota flaviventris)  Olympic Marmot (Marmota olympus)  Vancouver Island marmot (Marmota vancouverensis)

Ammospermophilus

(Antelope squirrels)

Harris's Antelope Squirrel (Ammospermophilus harrisii)  San Joaquin Antelope Squirrel (Ammospermophilus nelsoni)  White-tailed Antelope Squirrel (Ammospermophilus leucurus)  Texas Antelope Squirrel (Ammospermophilus interpres)  Insular Antelope Squirrel (Ammospermophilus insularis)

Cynomys

(Prairie dogs)

Gunnison's Prairie Dog (Cynomys gunnisoni)  White-tailed Prairie Dog (Cynomys leucurus)  Black-tailed Prairie Dog (Cynomys ludovicianus)  Mexican Prairie Dog (Cynomys mexicanus)  Utah Prairie Dog (Cynomys parvidens)

Tamias

(Chipmunks)

Alpine Chipmunk (Tamias alpinus)  Yellow-pine Chipmunk (Tamias amoenus)  Buller's Chipmunk (Tamias bulleri)  Gray-footed Chipmunk (Tamias canipes)  Gray-collared Chipmunk (Tamias cinereicollis)  Cliff Chipmunk (Tamias dorsalis)  Durango Chipmunk (Tamias durangae)  Merriam's Chipmunk (Tamias merriami)  Least Chipmunk (Tamias minimus)  California Chipmunk (Tamias obscurus)  Yellow-cheeked Chipmunk (Tamias ochrogenys)  Palmer's Chipmunk (Tamias palmeri)  Panamint Chipmunk (Tamias panamintinus)  Long-eared Chipmunk (Tamias quadrimaculatus)  Colorado Chipmunk (Tamias quadrivittatus)  Red-tailed Chipmunk (Tamias ruficaudus)  Hopi chipmunk (Tamias rufus)  Allen's Chipmunk (Tamias senex)  Siberian Chipmunk (Tamias sibiricus)  Siskiyou Chipmunk (Tamias siskiyou)  Sonoma Chipmunk (Tamias sonomae)  Lodgepole Chipmunk (Tamias speciosus)  Eastern Chipmunk (Tamias striatus)  Townsend's Chipmunk (Tamias townsendii)  Uinta Chipmunk (Tamias umbrinus)

Spermophilus

Large genus listed separately

Category

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Extant species of family Sciuridae (subfamily Xerinae, Marmotini (Ground squirrels) tribe) (cont.)

Kingdom: Animalia  Phylum: Chordata  Class: Mammalia  Order: Rodentia  Suborder: Sciuromorpha

Spermophilus

Tropical Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus adocetus)  Alashan Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus alashanicus)  Ring-tailed Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus annulatus)  Uinita Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus armatus)  Baja California Rock Squirrel (Spermophilus atricapillus)  California Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus beecheyi)  Belding's Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus beldingi)  Idaho Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus brunneus)  Merriam's Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus canus)  European Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus citellus)  Columbian Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus columbianus)  Daurian Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus dauricus)  Wyoming Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus elegans)  Red-cheeked Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus erythrogenys)  Franklin's Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus franklinii)  Yellow Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus fulvus)  Golden-mantled Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus lateralis)  Sierra Madre Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus madrensis)  Russet Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus major)  Mexican Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus mexicanus)  Mohave Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus mohavensis)  Piute Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus mollis)  Caucasian Mountain Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus musicus)  Arctic Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus parryii)  Perote Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus perotensis)  Little Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus pygmaeus)  Tien Shan Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus relictus)  Richardson's Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus richardsonii)  Cascade Golden-mantled Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus saturatus)  Spotted Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus spilosoma)  Speckled Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus suslicus)  Round-tailed Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus tereticaudus)  Spermophilus taurensis  Townsend's Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus townsendii)  Thirteen-lined ground squirrel (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus)  Long-tailed Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus undulatus)  Rock Squirrel (Spermophilus variegatus)  Washington Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus washingtoni)  Asia Minor Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus xanthoprymnus)

Category

Categories: Rodents | SquirrelsHidden categories: Wikipedia semi-protected pages | Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages

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Which one of the following political interest groups falls into the organized labor category?

1. National Education Association.
2. American Rifle Association.
3. National Audubon Society

1

Audubon's "Birds of America" Auctioned Off