Roman Empire

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Ancient Roman Empire and Egypt Coins 222 268 AD Digital Photo 040 $0.99 (1 Bid) Time Remaining: 3d 18h 32m

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Map of Constantinopleimperial capitolRoman Empire $8.99 Time Remaining: 29d 7h 36m Buy It Now for only: $8.99

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Byzantine Empire Gold Coin AD Roman Empire Coin AD Digital Photo 041 $0.99 (1 Bid) Time Remaining: 4d 17h 37m

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Carlo VCharlesHoly Roman EmperorrulersEuropeabdicatedSpanish Empire1870 $8.99 Time Remaining: 21d 6h 11m Buy It Now for only: $8.99

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1946 PAGE MAP THE ROMAN EMPIRE 44 BC TO 395 AD AWESOME COLOR MAP $2.99 Time Remaining: 2d 4h 49m Buy It Now for only: $2.99

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1721 Copper Engraving Portrait Ferdinand III Holy Roman Empire Thirty Years War $360.00 Time Remaining: 27d 7h 52m Buy It Now for only: $360.00

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Roman Empire

Theodosius The Emperor - Roman Empire 390 AD

In A D 390 the people of Thessalonica, dissatisfied with their German garrison, rose up, murdered the commander, and killed many other officers. When the Emperor Theodosius the Great heard the news he ordered a terrible vegeance; thousands of the citizens — men, women, and children — were massacred by the German troops.

Soon afterwards the Emperor went to the great church of Milan to worship. As he was entering, the Bishop, Ambrose, appeared and stopped him. A man who was pol­luted with the blood of so many people, said Ambrose, might not take Holy Communion even if he were the Emperor. Theodosius must publicly admit his guilt for the mas­sacre, and perform a severe penance. And the Emperor submitted. For several months he was not even allowed to wear the Imperial regalia. And when he was again admitted to the Communion table the new power of the Church had been clearly demonstrated.

Theodosius was a devout Christian, and crushed the last remnants of paganism. This was one of the achievements which earned him the description ‘the Great'.

Theodosius and the Goths

Theodosius's rise to power began in 378 when the Emperor Valens was killed and the Roman army routed by the Goths at Adrianople. Gratian, who was Emperor in the west, appointed Theo­dosius Augustus of the eastern Empire. Although he did not in name rule over the whole Empire until 393, Theodosius soon became its real ruler.

His first job was to pacify the Goths, a Germanic tribe which had migrated south from the shores of the Baltic Sea to the northern shore of the Black Sea. From there they threatened the Em­pire throughout the 3rd and 4th cen­turies. But they were not always at war with Rome; and Gothic prisoners of war served faithfully in the Roman army. In 376 the Goths were forced to beg for Roman help. They asked to be allowed to cross the Danube and settle inside the Empire, in order to escape from another, even fiercer, tribe which had pushed westwards from Asia — the Huns. The Goths were given permission to cross the river and settle in Moesia, and in return they agreed to serve in the army.

Within a year or two, however, they were discontented and rose in revolt. It was then that they won their great victory at Adrianople. After this it looked as though the whole of the Em­pire in the east was open to them, and soon they were at the walls of Con­stantinople

It was at this critical time that Theodosius became Emperor in the east. He soon succeeded in bringing the Goths under control, but he went fur­ther than this. The Goths were too many and too strong to be kept down permanently by a few minor defeats. Theodosius started a new policy of active friendship with them; he made treaties, gave them various privileges, and appointed them to important posts in the army and the administration.

In this way the army became more and more a Gothic, or German, army. This policy was forced on Theodosius, but there was a heavy price to pay for it. Although the Goths were acquiring something of the Roman cul­ture and civilization, and although Christianity was spreading among them, they were still barbarians and were dangerous allies. In the army they learned Roman tactics and discipline — some day they would be able to turn this knowledge against the Empire.

 Theodosius and the Christians

The Emperor Julian the Apostate (see page 2762) had tried to restore pagan­ism, the worship of the old gods. After his death in 363 there was religious free­dom for both Christians and pagans, but Theodosius was determined to destroy paganism, and succeeded. Paganism ceased to exist as an organized religion, although a few pagans still worshipped their gods in secret.

Theodosius also fought Christians whose beliefs were different from his own. In these times the Church was split by serious disagreements over doc­trine, which Theodosius tried to stop by establishing by law who was and who was not a member of the Catholic Church. From now on only those who upheld the Nicene Creed were true believers and Catholics. All others, like those who followed the teaching of the Alexandrian priest, Anus, were ‘heretics'. They were forbidden to meet and worship and the true Christians took over all the churches in the Empire.

 Theodosius genuinely wanted to res­tore unity to the Church. In 381 he sum­moned the second Ecumenical Council, a great assembly of the elders and bish­ops of the whole Church, who met at Constantinople to decide on the true teaching of the Church and to denounce heresies. But religious disputes did not cease because of Theodosius's policy. Indeed they increased and multiplied after his death. Perhaps his methods were the wrong ones. Theodosius wan­ted to impose his own views on the Church by virtue of his power and authority as Emperor. But the Church was too vigorous to accept any solution that was imposed on it, and did not grow up naturally within the Church itself.

 Theodosius was the last to rule over a united Roman Empire; he controlled two ‘puppet' emperors in the west, and when the second was murdered in 393 he made his younger son, Honorius, Augustus. When he died in 395 he left the Empire to his two sons: the east to Arcadius, the west to Honorius. Al­though the Empire remained one in theory, the two halves in fact became more and more separated. The east prospered; the west declined before the invading barbarians.

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About the Author

Historical Arms and Armour Institute was established a few years ago by a group of dedicated men, who hold to their heart and have great concern towards our rich European culture, especially that of Malta, The Island of the Great Siege of 1565, the island where the era of the Knight was eased out., Amongst others Historical Arms and Armour Institute have Master craftsmen and Master armourers who have been producing functional authentic replicas of Arms and Armour for the past twenty-five years of experience in professional consultancy in all the stages required for manufacturing of Arms and Armour. Historical Arms and Armour Institute have produced pieces of armour, for local museums such as The Palace Armoury, Palazzo Falzone and also for the Malta International Airport, of which a showcase with our armour is on display at the Arrivals section (look it up on your next trip to Malta). Historical Arms and Armour Institute have also been commissioned by Heritage Malta to recreate missing pieces for original armour presently on display at the Palace armoury and in European Union. Historical Armouries at Historical Arms and Armour Institute, educate and teach all that one needs to know about period arms and armour, how it was made, how it works, what was its function, when it was used, who used such armour, etc. Historical Arms and Armour Institute have also introduced a New Adult course on production of authentic Arms and armour, the first of its kind in Europe. This course is spanned over 3 years and we are on the 3rd year now. Our students have learned how to make maille armour, and shields, have also learned a lot about Arms and Armour in general and of course a comprehensive study of historical battles, war tactics, and function of siege weapons. Historical Armouries also cater for the movie industry, should any movie company require our services with regards to arms armour or man power, we can accommodate them locally, which makes things much easer and economic for the movie makers in question. In the very near future we shall be introducing historical re-enactments of all sorts, including a museum and library, close to our workshops.

Who was the true heir to the Roman Empire ?

After the fall of Western Roman Empire its east counterpart stood for another thousand years. It was a direct heir to the classic roman imperators such as Augustus , Nero,....
But then came 1453 and Turks have conquered Constantinopole, last bastion of the Byzantium. Sultan then proclaimed himself "Kayzer - i - Rum" or Roman Ceasar.

After 1453, one of the Byzantine princes married a Russian princess but Russia was never interested in becoming the 3rd Rome due to her xenophobia. Peter the Great made that crystal clear when he focused on the Western European countries while oppressing the Russian Orthodox church.

The Ottoman Empire did not fulfill that role due to its Muslim background. Plus, the Western Europeans made sure that an Islamic Empire would not rise again in Western Europe following the removal of the Moors by Ferdinand and Isabella.

The "Holy" Roman Empire was an artificial Empire created by the pope to ensure his temporal security. Henry VIII and the Protestant Reformation ended that Empire as a religious construct.

To call America an heir of the Roman Empire is an absurdity.

Roman Empire & Republic Conquests [509 BC - 476 AD]