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Strain Civil
Types of pressure vessels
When a container is pressurized then pressure is exerted against the walls of the vessels. Pressure is always normal to the surface regardless of the shape. Pressure vessel is a container that has pressure different from the atmospheric pressure. There are many types of pressure vessel they are; thin walled, thick walled, strong tanks, transportable containers, propane bottles and gas cylinders. Pressure vessel is a container that holds liquid, vapor or gas at different pressure other then atmospheric pressure at the same elevation. Generally, a pressure vessel is considered to be thin-walled if its radius is larger than 5 times its wall thickness. Under this condition, the stress in the wall may be considered uniform. Thin wall pressure vessels are in fairly common use. There are two specific types of pressure vessels they are; cylindrical pressure vessels and spherical pressure vessels. Under this condition, the stress in the wall may be considered uniform. The stress in thin walled vessel varies from a maximum value at the inside surface to a minimum value at the outside surface of the vessel. Storage tanks are a category of thin walled pressure vessel.
A thick walled pressure vessel is the one that its wall is 10 % thicker than inside diameter. Thick walled pressure elements working in high temperatures in power stations, chemical and petro chemical industries are subjected to damage as a result of high temperature, mechanical loading and corrosive environment. These factors cause thermal fatigue, creep-fatigue and other processes leading to degradation. When subject to internal and external pressure stress and strain exist in thick walled pressure vessel. They have high tensile strength and can withstand maximum stress.
Transportable containers are the most common pressure vessel and potentially the most ignored type. These are mass produced and require testing every 10 years for propane and gas. Steel pressure vessels are designed to perform the dual purposes air storage and partial separation of moisture. These are provided with all standards so as to operate safely. Pressure vessels have to be designed to perform efficiently at high pressure. Pressure vessel must be free of any cracks or leakages, thereby ensuring complete safety to the surrounding environment. Cracked and damaged vessel may result in leaks or rupture failure. Rupture failure may cause considerable damage to life and property. The safe design, installation, operation and maintenance of pressure vessel in accordance with appropriate codes and standards are necessary for workers safety and health.
About the Author
Pressure vessel is a storage tank or vessel that has been designed to operate above 15 psgi. Materials held and maintained by pressure vessel are nitrogen, ammonia, air, water, refrigerants, propane and reactor fuels. The author has written many articles on the topic pressure vessel.
civil engineering 2nd year - strains and temp channge?
i know that the strains in a beam with no external forces on it, under a change in temperature will be
ε=αΔΤ
that i know is true for the strain on the axis of the length of the beam, but what about the height and width, if the length axis is x, what will the strains on the y and z axes be? are they 0?? common sense tells me that is the material is isotropic it must act the same in all directions therefore εxx=εyy=εzz=αΔΤ (presuming there is nothing limiting these changes in dimentions)
for the more specific case of a statically indetermined beam which is supported at both ends and cannot change its length, i know that now εxx=0 but what about yy and zz? are they now αΔΤ - σν/E? (according to hookes law)
if i draw a circle on a beam like this, where will it move to after deformation? on the x axis will it stay the same point, and the y and z axis will it move or will it just get bigger (and become an ellipsoid)
If the change in T is uniform throughout the width and height of the member and the material is isotropic and homogeneous, the strains will be the same in all directions, you are correct on that point.
For your second question:
Lets say you have a linear elastic material in the shape of a long prismatic rod and you prevent displacements along the longitudinal axis (call it the x-axis). You know that if you uniformly heat up this rod it will expand, but you prevented εxx. So to find εyy and εzz you must add the strains due to temp change PLUS the strains due to compression force developed in the supports.
Again, if the material is linear elastic, then you can just add these together (superposition).
εyy=εzz=αΔΤ will be the strains due to temp. Since you developed a compressive reaction at the supports, you can visualize the rod as having a length of:
L'=L+L*εxx
where L' is the length the rod would have if it was determinate and L is the original length.
But the real εxx is zero you you have a compressive force that returned the rod from L' back to L, or you have -εxx. Now you know that
v=-lat/long
where v is poisson's ratio so the lateral displacement (lateral strain) will be
εzz=-εxx*v
but εxx (from σ/E) is already negative (compression) so εzz and εyy due to the reactions are also positive (meaning the rod will be wider).
Lastly, the circle WILL become an ellipsoid because the length of the circle along the longitudinal dimension will not change, but it will change along the width of the beam.
Remember, this is considering an isotropic, homogeneous, linearly elastic rod (it is not really a beam if you don't have any flexure, which you don't in the case of uniform temp change)
Oh, and of course, if the rod gets colder then everything I said is just the opposite.
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